Real Estate Investment Analysis

Gaston Reboredo • August 20, 2021

Discounted Cash Flow Analysis and Internal rate of Return Basic Concepts

 The main purpose to invest in real estate is to obtain a good return on investment with limited well defined and measured risk. Capital follows the highest return adjusted for risk and real estate is a vehicle to obtain good returns consisting of current income and future appreciation. 


In the process of purchasing an investment property, an investor must take into account several factors when analyzing the investment. Property condition, location, potential for future appreciation, current income, potential income, highest and best use, capital expenditures over holding period and capital investments required to achieve the maximum return. One essential aspect is to determine how much to pay for the investment, what is the value at time of acquisition given the investment criteria. 


One method of determining the value of an investment property is the Discounted Cash Flow Analysis (DCF). Discounted cash flow (DCF) is a
valuation method used to estimate the value of an investment based on its expected future cash flows. DCF analysis attempts to figure out the value of an investment today, based on projections of how much money it will generate in the future, as current yearly net income and appreciation of the asset over time. The DCF It tells you how much money you can spend on the investment right now in order to get the desired return in the future. 


The Discounted Cash Flow analysis operates under the time value of money principle. This concept assumes that money is worth more today than it is in the future. For example, $100 is worth more now than it would be a year from now because of interest and inflation rates. If you’re going to spend $100 dollars to buy something, you’re going to want to know how much money you’ll get in return and what that money will be worth in the future. And that’s where the Discounted Cash Flow method can help.


The elements of the DCF are:


  • Period of time. This is also referred to as the holding period based on the investment criteria and goals of the investor.
  • The projected cash flow that will occur every year. This is based on current leases and rental agreements and operating expenses as well as capital expenses required over the holding period. 
  • A discount rate or annual rate. The discount rate could be thought of as how much money you’d earn if you invested it in another account with equal risk. For example if one can obtain 5% return in an investment with zero risk then will require a higher rate of return for an income property and even higher for stocks or bonds.
  • The estimated future value of the investment (the property in this case) based on future forecasted stream of income, appreciation, inflation rates and specific changes in uses or conversions that will increase the future value of the property.

The DCF analysis will tell you what would be the maximum price you can pay for a property based on your investment criteria. 


Another way to analyze investments is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) which is a similar financial formula that takes into account the Total Acquisition Cost (asking or negotiated price for a property plus closing costs and other acquisition costs), the Yearly Stream of Net Operating Income based on lease agreements and operating and capital expenses (both actual, forecasted and estimated) and the estimated Future Value at the end of the holding period. When you incorporate these variables into the financial formula you obtain the Internal Rate of Return which is basically the annualized rate of return of the investment over the holding period. Then you can compare this IRR with your investment criteria and determine if the investment is attractive or not for you. On the other hand if you input a desired IRR to meet your investment criteria then you can determine the maximum price to pay for the property.


It is imperative to analyze in detail the real estate investment during the due diligence period of the acquisition to be able to determine acquisition costs, expected rate of the return and the right value to meet the investor’s criteria and therefore price to pay. 


These analysis can be done before or after tax as better fits the investor's needs


This is just a brief description of the DCF and IRR analysis, for a complete explanation and to obtain consulting services to acquire investment real estate please contact us at office@properties.rent


Article by Gaston Reboredo CCIM CPM


Share this post

By Florida PMServices May 18, 2025
Keeping up with advances in technology
By Florida PMServices October 13, 2024
In the world of property management, insurance is one of the critical elements that ensure both the landlord’s and the property management company's protection from potential risks and liabilities. One of the common practices in property management is for the management company to be named as an "additional insured" on the landlord’s liability insurance policy. But what exactly does this mean, and what requirements must be met for a property management company to be added as an additional insured? This blog will delve into what it means to be an additional insured, the benefits and coverages it provides, and the steps involved for a property management company to be included in a landlord’s liability insurance. What is an Additional Insured? An "additional insured" is a person or entity that is covered under someone else's insurance policy. In the context of property management, this means that the property management company is protected under the landlord's insurance policy in case of claims or lawsuits related to the management of the property. By being named as an additional insured, the property management company receives many of the same protections as the landlord, particularly when it comes to liability claims. For instance, if a tenant or visitor is injured on the property and decides to file a lawsuit, both the landlord and the property management company could be named in the lawsuit. If the property management company is listed as an additional insured, the insurance policy will provide coverage for both parties in defending against the claim, thus reducing the property manager’s potential exposure to financial loss. Why Should a Property Management Company Be Added as Additional Insured? Adding a property management company as an additional insured is a common industry practice and offers several advantages for both landlords and property managers. Protection Against Liability Claims: One of the primary reasons to add a property management company as an additional insured is to protect them from potential liability claims. Since property managers are responsible for handling various aspects of the property, from repairs and maintenance to tenant relations, they are at risk of being named in lawsuits. As an additional insured, the property management company is shielded from these risks and can rely on the landlord’s insurance policy to handle claims related to their activities. Risk Mitigation: Having a property management company named as an additional insured helps mitigate risks for both the landlord and the property manager. It ensures that there is adequate coverage for potential claims that could arise from the property’s day-to-day management. This reduces the likelihood of disputes between landlords and property managers over who is liable for a particular claim, streamlining the process for addressing legal matters. Cost Savings: If a property management company is added as an additional insured, they do not need to carry separate liability insurance for that specific property. This can result in cost savings for the management company, which can be passed on to landlords in the form of reduced management fees. Of course, property management companies must carry their own general liability and professional liability insurance policies but being named as additional insured on a landlord's liability policy avoids the need of carrying a liability policy for that specific property which results in savings of operating costs and therefore provides the abiity for the management company to pass on those savings to the landlord in the form of lower management fees. What Coverages are Provided When a Property Management Company is Named as Additional Insured? When a property management company is added as an additional insured, they receive coverage for a wide range of potential claims and liabilities, including: General Liability Coverage: This is the core coverage that a property management company benefits from as an additional insured. General liability insurance covers bodily injury and property damage that occurs on the rental property. For example, if a tenant trips and falls due to a poorly maintained stairway, and both the landlord and property management company are sued, the insurance policy will cover the costs of defending the lawsuit, as well as any potential settlements or judgments. Property Damage Claims : If damage occurs to a tenant’s property or personal belongings due to the negligence of the property manager (for instance, a leak that was not promptly repaired), the additional insured coverage can protect the management company from liability. Legal Defense Costs: In the event that a property management company is sued, the insurance policy will cover legal defense costs, including attorney fees, court costs, and any other related expenses. This is particularly important as legal fees can quickly add up, even if the property manager is ultimately not found liable. Errors and Omissions (E&O): In most cases E&O coverage is provided as a separate liability policy that is obtained by the property management company at no cost to the landlord Requirements for Adding a Property Management Company as Additional Insured  For a property management company to be added as an additional insured, several steps and requirements need to be met: Landlord Consent: The landlord must first agree to include the property management company as an additional insured on their insurance policy. This is typically negotiated as part of the property management agreement. It is in the best interest of both parties, as it ensures comprehensive coverage for any incidents that occur on the property. Endorsement: Adding a property management company as an additional insured usually requires an endorsement to be added to the landlord’s existing policy. This endorsement officially extends the coverage to include the management company. The landlord must request this endorsement from their insurance provider, and there may be a small fee associated with adding it. Policy Limits and Coverage Types: It is essential that the landlord’s policy has adequate limits and the right types of coverage. Property management companies should ensure that the policy includes sufficient general liability coverage, as well as coverage for property damage, bodily injury, and other risks specific to the management of rental properties. Verification and Documentation: Once the property management company is added as an additional insured, it is important to obtain a certificate of insurance (COI) from the landlord’s insurance provider. This document serves as proof that the management company is covered and can be kept on file for reference. Property managers should periodically verify that the coverage remains active and up-to-date, particularly when policies are renewed or if the landlord changes insurers. Adding a property management company as an additional insured on a landlord’s liability insurance policy is a crucial step in mitigating risks and ensuring comprehensive protection for both parties. By understanding what additional insured status means, what coverages it provides, and the steps involved in obtaining this coverage, property management companies can better protect themselves from potential liabilities and provide landlords with greater peace of mind. For landlords, including their property management company as an additional insured is a relatively simple process that can prevent costly legal battles and ensure seamless management of their rental properties. As with all aspects of property management, clear communication and well-defined agreements are key to protecting both parties and ensuring the long-term success of the property management relationship.
By Florida PMServices September 13, 2024
This is a subtitle for your new post
Show More